Eminyakeni emibili edlule, le ndaba izwakale yonke indawo kusukela eMassachusetts kuya kuFox News.Umakhelwane wami uyenqaba ngisho ukukhokhisa iToyota RAV4 Prime Hybrid ngenxa yalokho akubiza ngokuthi amanani kagesi akhubazekile.Ingxabano enkulu ukuthi amanani kagesi aphezulu kangangokuthi asula izinzuzo zokushaja phezu kokushaja.Lokhu kufinyelela enhliziyweni yokuthi kungani abantu abaningi bethenga izimoto zikagesi: Ngokusho kwePew Research Center, amaphesenti angu-70 abathengi be-EV abangaba abathengi bathi "ukonga kugesi" kwakungesinye sezizathu zabo eziphezulu.
Impendulo ayilula njengoba kubonakala.Ukubala nje izindleko zikaphethiloli nogesi kuyadukisa.Izintengo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngeshaja (nesimo).Amacala awo wonke umuntu ahlukile.Intela yomgwaqo, izaphulelo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwebhethri konke kuthinta isibalo sokugcina.Ngakho-ke ngicele abacwaningi ku-nonpartisan Energy Innovation, ithangi lokucabanga lenqubomgomo elisebenza ukuqeda ikhabhoni embonini yamandla, ukuthi bangisize nginqume izindleko zangempela zokupompa kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50, sisebenzisa amasethi edatha avela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, i-AAA nezinye.Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namathuluzi abo awusizo lapha.Ngisebenzise le datha ukuthatha uhambo lokucabanga okubili kulo lonke elase-United States ukuze ngahlulele ukuthi amagalaji azobiza kakhulu yini ehlobo lika-2023.
Uma ungaba-4 kwabayi-10 baseMelika, ucabanga ukuthenga imoto kagesi.Uma unjengami, kuyodingeka ukhokhe inani elinzima.
Isilinganiso semoto kagesi sithengisa ngo-$4,600 ngaphezu kwemoto yegesi evamile, kodwa ngama-akhawunti amaningi, ngizogcina imali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Izimoto zidinga izindleko eziphansi zikaphethiloli nezokulungisa—isilinganiso sokonga esingamakhulu amaRandi ngonyaka.Futhi lokhu akuzicabangeli izikhuthazo zikahulumeni kanye nokwenqatshwa kohambo oluya egalaji likaphethiloli.Kodwa kunzima ukunquma inani eliqondile.Isilinganiso senani lemalitha kaphethiloli kulula ukubala.Amanani ashintshile emalini ashintshile kancane kusukela ngo-2010, ngokusho kweFederal Reserve.Okufanayo kusebenza emahoreni angama-kilowatt (kWh) kagesi.Nokho, izindleko zokushaja azibonakali ngale.
Izikweletu zikagesi azihlukani kuphela ngezwe, kodwa nangesikhathi sosuku ngisho nangendawo yokuphuma.Abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi bangazikhokhisa ekhaya noma emsebenzini, bese bekhokha imali eyengeziwe ngokushaja ngokushesha emgwaqeni.Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqhathanisa izindleko zokugcwalisa kabusha i-Ford F-150 esebenzisa igesi (imoto edayiswa kakhulu e-United States kusukela ngawo-1980) nebhethri elingama-kilowatt angu-98-hora emotweni kagesi.Lokhu kudinga ukuqagela okujwayelekile mayelana nendawo, ukuziphatha kokushaja, nokuthi amandla ebhethri nethangi aguqulwa abe ububanzi.Izibalo ezinjena-ke zidinga ukusetshenziswa emakilasini ezimoto ahlukene njengezimoto, amaSUV namaloli.
Akumangalisi ukuthi cishe akekho owenza lokhu.Kodwa thina songa isikhathi sakho.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ungonga malini futhi, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuthi yimalini ongakwazi ukuyigcina.Uyini umphumela?Kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50, kushibhile kubantu baseMelika ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi nsuku zonke, futhi kwezinye izifunda, njengePacific Northwest, lapho amanani kagesi ephansi futhi amanani egesi aphezulu, ishibhile kakhulu.Esifundazweni saseWashington, lapho igaloni legesi libiza cishe u-$4.98, ukugcwalisa i-F-150 ngebanga lamamayela angu-483 kubiza cishe u-$115.Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukushaja i-F-150 Lightning kagesi (noma i-Rivian R1T) ngebanga elifanayo kubiza cishe u-$34, ukonga okungu-$80.Lokhu kucabanga ukuthi abashayeli bakhokhisa ekhaya i-80% yesikhathi, njengoba kulinganiselwa uMnyango Wezamandla, kanye nokunye okucatshangwayo kwendlela ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko.
Kuthiwani ngokunye okweqisayo?Eningizimu-mpumalanga, lapho amanani egesi nogesi ephansi, ukonga kuncane kodwa kusabalulekile.E-Mississippi, ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zegesi zeloli elivamile zingaba ngu-$30 ngaphezulu kuneloli elithwala ugesi.Kuma-SUV nama-sedans amancane, asebenza kahle kakhulu, izimoto zikagesi zingonga u-$20 kuya ku-$25 empompini ngemayela elifanayo.
Ovamile waseMelika ushayela amamayela angu-14,000 ngonyaka futhi angonga cishe u-$700 ngonyaka ngokuthenga i-SUV kagesi noma i-sedan, noma u-$1,000 ngonyaka ngokuthenga iloli, ngokusho kwe-Energy Innovation.Kodwa ukushayela nsuku zonke kuyinto eyodwa.Ukuhlola le modeli, ngenze lokhu kuhlola ohambweni olubili lwasehlobo e-United States.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamashaja ongazithola emgwaqeni.Ishaja Yezinga 2 ingakhuphula ububanzi ngo-30 mph.Izintengo zamabhizinisi amaningi, njengamahhotela nezitolo zegrosa ezinethemba lokuheha amakhasimende, zisukela kumasenti angaba ngu-20 nge-kilowatt-hora ukuya kokuthi mahhala (I-Energy Innovation iphakamisa ngaphezudlwana kwamasenti angu-10 nge-kilowatt-hora ngalinye ezilinganisweni ezingezansi).
Amashaja asheshayo aziwa Ngeleveli 3, ashesha cishe izikhathi ezingu-20, angashaja ibhethri le-EV lifike cishe ku-80% emizuzwini engu-20 nje.Kodwa ngokuvamile kubiza phakathi kwamasenti angu-30 no-48 nge-kilowatt-hora—inani engalithola kamuva lilingana nenani likaphethiloli kwezinye izindawo.
Ukuhlola ukuthi lokhu kusebenze kahle kangakanani, ngahamba ngohambo lokucatshangelwa lwamamayela angu-408 ukusuka eSan Francisco ukuya e-Disneyland eSouth Los Angeles.Kulolu hambo, ngikhethe i-F-150 kanye nenguqulo yayo kagesi, i-Lightning, eyingxenye yochungechunge oludumile oludayise amayunithi angu-653,957 ngonyaka odlule.Kunezimpikiswano eziqinile zesimo sezulu ezimelene nokudala izinhlobo zikagesi zezimoto zaseMelika ezigezelisa igesi, kodwa lezi zilinganiso zenzelwe ukubonisa izintandokazi zezimoto zangempela zabantu baseMelika.
Owinile, ingqwele?Cishe azikho izimoto zikagesi.Njengoba ukusebenzisa ishaja esheshayo kubiza, ngokuvamile kubiza ngokuphindwe kathathu noma kane kunokushaja ekhaya, ukonga kuncane.Ngafika epaki ngombani ngino-$14 ngaphezulu ephaketheni lami kunaleyo enganginayo emotweni yegesi.Ukube nginqume ukuhlala isikhathi eside ehhotela noma endaweni yokudlela ngisebenzisa ishaja ye-Level 2, ngabe ngilondoloze u-$57.Lokhu kuthambekela kuyiqiniso nasezimotweni ezincane: i-crossover ye-Tesla Model Y yonge u-$18 no-$44 ohambweni lwamamayela angu-408 kusetshenziswa ishaja yeLeveli 3 kanye neLeveli 2, ngokulandelana, uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcwalisa igesi.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokukhishwa kwegesi, izimoto zikagesi zikude kakhulu.Izimoto zikagesi zikhipha umoya ongaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ngemayela ngalinye lezimoto zikaphethiloli futhi ziya zihlanzekile minyaka yonke.Ingxube yokuphehla ugesi yase-US ikhipha cishe iphawundi elilodwa lekhabhoni kuwo wonke ama-kilowatt-hora kagesi akhiqizwayo, ngokusho kwe-US Energy Information Administration.Ngo-2035, i-White House ifuna ukusondeza le nombolo ku-zero.Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-F-150 ejwayelekile ikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa aphindwe kahlanu kunombani.I-Tesla Model Y ikhipha amakhilogremu angu-63 wamagesi abamba ukushisa ngenkathi ushayela, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphawundi angaphezu kuka-300 kuzo zonke izimoto ezivamile.
Nokho, ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwakuwuhambo olusuka eDetroit luya eMiami.Ukushayela eMidwest usuka eMotor City akulona iphupho lemoto kagesi.Lesi sifunda sinenani eliphansi kakhulu lobunikazi bezimoto zikagesi e-United States.Awekho amashaja amaningi.Amanani kaphethiloli aphansi.Ugesi ungcolile.Ukwenza izinto zingalingani nakakhulu, nginqume ukuqhathanisa iToyota Camry neChevrolet Bolt kagesi, zombili izimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezivala igebe lezindleko zikaphethiloli.Ukukhombisa ukwakheka kwentengo yesifunda ngasinye, ngilinganise ibanga elingamamayela angu-1,401 kuzo zonke izifundazwe eziyisithupha, kanye nezindleko zazo ezihlukene zikagesi nezikhithi.
Ukube bengigcwalise ekhaya noma egalaji likaphethiloli elishibhile le-Class 2 endleleni (cishe), i-Bolt EV ibiyobiza ukugcwalisa: $41 uma kuqhathaniswa no-$142 we-Camry.Kodwa ukushaja okusheshayo kucebisa isikali esivuna i-Camry.Ngokusebenzisa ishaja yeLevel 3, isikweletu sikagesi esithengiswayo ohambweni oluhamba ngebhethri ngu-$169, okuyi-$27 ngaphezulu kohambo oluhamba ngegesi.Kodwa-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, i-Bolt ingaphambili ngokusobala, lapho ukukhishwa okungaqondile kubalwa ngamaphesenti angama-20 kuphela ekilasi.
Ngiyazibuza ukuthi kungani labo abaphikisana nomnotho wezimoto zikagesi befinyelela eziphethweni ezihluke kangaka?Ukuze ngenze lokhu, ngathintana noPatrick Anderson, inkampani yakhe yokubonisana eseMichigan esebenza minyaka yonke nemboni yezimoto ukuze ilinganisele izindleko zezimoto zikagesi.Kulokhu kutholakala ukuthi izimoto eziningi ezisebenza ngogesi zibiza kakhulu ukuthela uphethiloli.
U-Anderson wangitshela ukuthi izazi eziningi zezomnotho azinaki izindleko okufanele zifakwe ekubaleni izindleko zokushaja: intela kahulumeni yezimoto zikagesi ezithatha indawo yentela yegesi, izindleko zeshaja yasekhaya, ukulahlekelwa kokudluliswa kwemali lapho zishaja (cishe amaphesenti ayishumi), kanye ngezinye izikhathi izindleko ziyeqile .iziteshi zikaphethiloli zomphakathi zikude.Ngokusho kwakhe, izindleko zincane, kodwa zingokoqobo.Bendawonye baba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezimoto zikaphethiloli.
Ulinganisela ukuthi kubiza kancane ukugcwalisa imoto kaphethiloli enenani eliphakathi nendawo—cishe u-$11 ngamamayela angu-100, uma kuqhathaniswa no-$13 kuya ku-$16 ngemoto kagesi eqhathaniswa nayo.Okuhlukile izimoto zikanokusho, njengoba zivame ukungasebenzi kahle futhi zishisa uphethiloli we-premium."Izimoto zikagesi zenza umqondo omkhulu kubathengi abasezingeni eliphakathi," kusho u-Anderson."Lapha sibona ukuthengiswa okuphezulu kakhulu, futhi akumangazi."
Kodwa abagxeki bathi ukulinganisa kuka-Anderson kuyaqina noma akunaki imibono eyinhloko: Ukuhlaziywa kwenkampani yakhe kudlula ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri, okuphakamisa ukuthi abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi basebenzise iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi ezibizayo cishe u-40% wesikhathi (uMnyango Wezamandla ulinganisela ukulahlekelwa cishe ku-20%).iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi zamahhala ngendlela “yentela yezakhiwo, izifundo, amanani omthengi, noma imithwalo kubatshalizimali” kanye nokushaya indiva izinxephezelo zikahulumeni nezimboni.
U-Anderson uphendule ngokuthi akazange athathe imali kahulumeni engu-40%, kodwa wafanisa izimo ezimbili ze-toll, ethatha "ikhaya ngokuyinhloko" kanye "nokuhweba ngokuyinhloko" (okuhlanganisa imali yokuthengisa ku-75% yamacala).Uphinde wavikela izintengo zamashaja entengiso “amahhala” anikezwa omasipala, amanyuvesi namabhizinisi ngoba “lezi zinsizakalo azikho mahhala, kodwa kufanele zikhokhelwe umsebenzisi ngandlela thize, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zifakiwe ezintela zezakhiwo , izifundo. izimali noma cha.amanani omthengi” noma umthwalo kubatshalizimali.“
Ekugcineni, singase singavumelani ngezindleko zokugcwalisa imoto kagesi.Cishe akunandaba.Kubashayeli bansuku zonke e-United States, ukufaka uphethiloli kwemoto kagesi vele ishibhile ezimweni eziningi, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kushibhe nakakhulu njengoba umthamo wamandla avuselelekayo ukhula nezimoto zisebenza kahle kakhulu.,Kusukela kulo nyaka, amanani entengo yezimoto ezithile zikagesi kulindeleke ukuthi abe ngaphansi kunezimoto zikaphethiloli eziqhathaniswa nezingaqhathaniswa, futhi izilinganiso zenani eliphelele lobunikazi (ukunakekela, uphethiloli nezinye izindleko phakathi nokuphila kwemoto) kuphakamisa ukuthi izimoto zikagesi sezivele eshibhile.
Ngemva kwalokho, ngezwa sengathi kunenye inombolo engekho: izindleko zomphakathi zekhabhoni.Lesi isilinganiso esinzima somonakalo odalwe ngokwengeza enye ithani lekhabhoni emkhathini, okuhlanganisa ukufa kokushisa, izikhukhula, imililo yequbula, ukwehluleka kwezitshalo nokunye ukulahlekelwa okuhlobene nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi ilitha ngalinye legesi yemvelo likhiphela cishe amakhilogremu angu-20 esikhutha emkhathini, okulingana namasenti angaba ngu-50 omonakalo wesimo sezulu ilitha ngalinye.Uma kubhekwa izici zangaphandle ezifana nokuminyana kwezimoto, izingozi nokungcoliswa komoya, i-Resources for the Future yalinganiselwa ngo-2007 ukuthi izindleko zomonakalo zazicishe zibe ngama-$3 ilitha ngalinye.
Yebo, akudingekile ukuthi ukhokhe le mali.Izimoto zikagesi zizodwa ngeke ziyixazulule le nkinga.Ukufeza lokhu, sidinga amadolobha amaningi nemiphakathi lapho ungavakashela khona abangani noma uthenge igrosa ngaphandle kwemoto.Kodwa izimoto zikagesi zibalulekile ukuze izinga lokushisa lingakhuphukeli ngaphansi kuka-2 degrees Celsius.Okunye yintengo ongeke uyizibe.
Izindleko zokubasa ezimotweni zikagesi nekaphethiloli zibalwe ezigabeni ezintathu zezimoto: izimoto, amaSUV namaloli.Zonke izinhlobo zezimoto zingamamodeli ayisisekelo ka-2023.Ngokwemininingwane ka-2019 Federal Highway Administration, isilinganiso senani lamamayela ashayelwa abashayeli ngonyaka silinganiselwa kumamayela ayi-14,263.Kuzo zonke izimoto, ububanzi, amakhilomitha, kanye nedatha ekhishwayo kuthathwa kuwebhusayithi ye-Fueleconomy.gov ye-Environmental Protection Agency.Izintengo zegesi yemvelo zisekelwe kudatha kaJulayi 2023 evela ku-AAA.Ezimotweni zikagesi, isilinganiso senani lamahora angama-kilowatt adingekayo ukuze kushajwe ngokugcwele sibalwa ngokusekelwe kusayizi webhethri.Izindawo zamashaja zisekelwe ocwaningweni loMnyango Wezamandla olubonisa ukuthi u-80% wokushaja utholakala ekhaya.Kusukela ngo-2022, amanani kagesi wendawo yokuhlala ahlinzekwa yi-US Energy Information Administration.U-20% osele wokushaja wenzeka eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi, futhi intengo kagesi isuselwa enanini likagesi elishicilelwe yi-Electrify America esifundazweni ngasinye.
Lezi zilinganiso azihlanganisi noma yikuphi ukuqagela mayelana nezindleko eziphelele zobunikazi, amakhredithi entela e-EV, izimali zokubhalisa, noma izindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa.Futhi asilindele noma yiziphi izintela ezihlobene ne-EV, izaphulelo zokushaja i-EV noma ukushaja kwamahhala, noma izintengo ezisekelwe esikhathini zama-EV.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-04-2024